Defamation of celebrities Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Defamation of celebrities - Research Paper Example Slander can be differentiated from libel is that slander is deniable while libel can be proved because there is hard evidence. In the essay, we shall explore the ramifications of defamation and how best to deal with it. The essay shall explore three celebrities who were involved in defamation cases. Namely Angelina Jolie and her husband Brad Pitt, Bill Cosby and former President of the United States Bill Clinton. Angelina Jolie together with Brad Pitt and their children are one of the most recognized celebrity families in the world today. Their movies have garnered millions of dollars in sales around the world, but it is what they do outside of Hollywood that gets the most attention. Both of them are involved in humanitarian activities with Angelina being a goodwill ambassador for the United Nations. Her husband is also involved in humanitarian efforts, but he is mostly active in the war torn region of Darfur. Their work is well known and appreciated especially when they adopted children from war torn regions to show the world it is possible to help save the world one child at a time. Not everybody was pleased with what they were doing and rumors started circulating that their actions were motivated by gaining fame and they were trafficking children. This was because they adopted children from Africa, Asia and South America. Tabloids published these malicious reports without having any actual evidence and the paparazzi followed them everywhere trying to get a photograph. This behavior went on for some time without them taking any action, but that was until they published photos of their newly born daughter that they decided to make an example the paparazzi. A news agency called News of the World published a story that the couple was breaking up and added a few statements concerning their parental skills. The statements seem to have been the last straw and they sued the agency for slander. The agency claimed that they had adopted all those children only

Ecological Concepts Essay Example for Free

Ecological Concepts Essay Ecology is the study of the relationship of between organisms and their environment, including both the living and nonliving compounds. Some of the ecological concepts include succession, energy flow between trophic levels, limiting factors, and carrying capacity. First, succession is a change in species structure of an ecological community over time. Over time species in the community become more and more abundant and may not be present at all one day. Also, sometimes new species might invade the community from nearby ecosystem. Ecologic successions occur as a result of drastic change in the environment or species inability to reproduce or grow in a particular environment. There are two types of successions primary and secondary. Primary succession is when an area that was not occupied previously is occupied by a new community. Secondary succession starts where natural vegetation is disrupted by humans, animals, or natural forces. Examples of ecological succession are fires, wind storms, floods, earthquakes, tornados, and forest fires. Energy flow between trophic levels is another ecological concept. Trophic levels are the feeding position in a food chain. This food chain involves primary producers, herbivores, primary carnivores, and more. Plants are producers and in the first trophic level, herbivores form the second level, and carnivores from third and fourth trophic levels. As only small amount of energy is transferred to the higher level there are fewer organisms in higher levels. Limiting factors is the third ecological concept. Limiting factors limit populations from growing any larger than they already are. There are two types of limiting factors Abiotic and biotic. Abiotic factors are nonliving components that affect living organisms and biotic factors are living components. For example 50 foxes can live in an environment that has enough food, water, and space for 60 foxes, but no more than 60 foxes could live there. Lastly, carrying capacity is one the ecological concepts and is the population size of the species one environment can support. Food, water, habitat, and space are the factors that affect carrying capacity. For xample environment could have enough water for the community but not have enough space or food. Best example of carrying capacity is predator-prey relationship. For example in the Isle Royale National Park moose would overgraze the vegetation if wolves did not eat them, and without moose wolves would starve. Overall, these ecological concepts help up understand relationships between one species to another and to the environment they all live in. Also these concepts show how might changes in the environment affect species that live in it.

The Message Of Islam Theology

The Message Of Islam Theology The word Islam is derived from the root word salaama means peace, obedience, purity, and submissions. Islam means abiding peace and obedience to the will of God. While other religions derive their name from either a tribe, or a geographical area or a founder, and Islam derives its name from the central ides of peace and submission to god. The followers of Islam call them as Muslims or Musalmans. The word Hindu is derived from the Sanskrit root word Sindhu and used by Persians, ancient Greeks and many foreigners to denote the people who lived beyond the river Indus. The word Hinduism was invented by the british scholars in 1830s to denote the religious traditions of the native Indians to distinguish them from the other recognized religions. The message of Islam came to Muhammad for the first time through the angel Gabriel in 610 A.D., in a cave on Mount Hira. He kept on receiving the answers to his questions rest of his life and then he put all together in the book called Quran, which is the only holy book of Islam. Quran is the only book in the world which cannot be ever translated. Hinduism considers Vedas as their teachings of God. The Vedas are the earliest sacred books of Hinduism. The end part of Upanishads, which constitutes the philosophical base of Hinduism known as Vedanta and contains the elements of monotheism and description of God as the supreme deity of universe. Other important sources of Hinduism are the Vedantas, the Puranas, the Bhagavad Gita, Tantric texts, the Ramayana and the Mahabharata. As Aldous Huxley once said The Bhagavad-Gita is the most systematic statement of spiritual evolution of endowing value to mankind. It is one of the most clear and comprehensive summaries of perennial philosophy ev er revealed; hence its enduring value is subject not only to India but to all of humanity. The muslims practices the following so called Five Pillars, which are mentioned in the Quran. Shahadah is also known as the daily recitation of There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his messenger (Quran). Salat is the rituals performed Five times a day: dawn, at midday, mid afternoon, sunset, and nighttime. Zakat which is the amount of money from a persons total income donated to the poor and the needy. Sawn which is a period of fasting from dawn to dusk in the ninth month of muslim calendar. During this fasting muslims avoid all food, liquid, sex and tobacco. The final pillar is called Hajj which is the pilgrimage to a sacred city of Mecca once in their lifetime. In Hinduism God is worshipped in many different ways. The daily rituals are performed by an individual several times a day in which offerings are made to gods, the elements, ancestors, animals and the humans. Many people also worship by visiting the temple everyday in the morning. Ramayana states that Wealth springs fr om dharma, from dharma comes happiness and one gets everything from dharma. Dharma is the essence of this world(Valmiki). Pooja is the popular form of worship in which prayers, chants, flowers, incense sticks, and others things are offered to gods, like said in Ramayana Whatever is ones food, the same food shall be offered to ones gods (Valmiki 2.103.30)Some Hindus also participate in satsangs or religious gatherings and perform the singing and chanting of the names of gods. Many Hindus practice fasting on specific days of the weeks or on some festivals. Hindus also visits certain sacred places and temples for their own beings. A visit to Varanasi for a dip in Ganges is considered very purifying and spiritual uplifting. There are many festivals celebrated by hindus out of which some are Diwali, Navaratri, Uttarayan, Ganesh Chaturthi and many more. Muslims deny believing or worshiping any other god but Allah, who is their almighty. He is not only the highest god of muslims, but also of all the people in the world. He is close to his loyal worshippers, whom he forgives their sins and blesses them with peace and happiness. They believe in free will and fate. According to muslims, Allah knows everything that happened, that has been happening and that will happen. He made humans responsible for their actions and choices. Anyone can convert to Islam easily. According to their traditions, anyone who follows Allah and takes Muhammad as his messenger becomes a muslim because Quran says that He who obeys the Messenger has indeed obeyed Allah (al-Nisa 4.80). Hinduism believes in existence of Brahman, the supreme Lord of the universe who is eternal and stable. Three gods Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva are his three main forms which are endowed with their work of creation, preservation and destruction. According to Hindus, god can be worshipped in too many different ways. Many Hindus worship gods into their personal forms chosen by themselves. Hinduism believes in worshipping god as in the image or the statue or an object. They also believe in peaceful life lived with truth and honor, like once said in Mahabharata, Should even ones enemy arrive at the doorstep, he should be attended upon with respect. A tree does not withdraw its cooling shade even from the one who has come to cut it (12.146.5). And Mahatma Gandhi also said I have no other wish in this world but to find light and joy and peace through Hinduism. Hinduism and Islam believe in the God as a supreme Lord of the universe, and as a creator of the whole system. Both religions believe that god has blessed humans with free will which make themselves responsible for their actions and choices. Allah is known by 99 names and the person who learns them all by heart goes in the heaven. The Brahman of Hinduism also has many names and by chanting them a person can attain him. Both believe that god responds to all the people who worship him and blesses them. Hinduism believes in karma. Islam believes that good rewards for good deeds and punishment for bad dreams. And Quran states Whoever does good deed, he shall be repaid ten-fold; and whoever does evil, and he shall be repaid with evil (5.32). Both religions believe in non-violence and killing no human life. In Hinduism the path of truth is far more important than the belief or disbelief in god. Islam does not recognize any other religions other than they are specifically mentioned in Quran . We believe in that which has been revealed to us and revealed to you, and our God and your God is One, and to him do we submit (29.46). Muslims believe that they in something that is been revealed to them and believe that everybodys god is same. Both religions believe in praying gods and reciting their name and ask for gods forgiveness. Muslims believe in praying only one god Allah, where as Hindus pray to one god but in different forms and incarnations. A person can be converted to Islam by praying to Allah or by taking Muhammad as their own messenger. Whereas in Hinduism a person becomes a Hindu by birth or by personal choice, without taking any messenger or following particular god permanently. Islam does not accept anyone between humans and god and in Hinduism there is a presence of priest for the right directions. Islam does not have any high priest or gurus, whereas Hindus has like the highly respected gurus who people follow and seek for more knowledge from them. Islam does not believe in rebirth. Hindus believe going in heaven or hell but they believe that the soul gets its freedom back through rebirth. Hinduism does not have the concept of messengers like Muslims have Muhammad as their messengers to god. Muslims laws are well versed in Quran as to punish the one who oppose the commands of Allah, and in Hind uism the laws are not imposed by the religious groups or people but are through the government. Islam does not accepts god as his own creation where as Hindus accept that god is a supreme Lord of his creation and also as an individual as atman in every human-being as it is stated in The Bhagwad Gita, The power of God is with you at all times; through the activities of mind, senses, breathing, and emotions; and is constantly doing all the work using you as a mere instrument. Hinduism does not see any difference between god and other living beings. In Islam man can only be the true follower of god and the others are made just to benefit man. In Islam there is no concept of Trinity. They believe that god is one and only. Hinduism has three highest forms of god known as Brahma, Vishnu, and Shiva. The belief system in Hinduism and Islam has a great effect on the present day society. There is a great development and change in Hinduism over the centuries and has spread all over the world. Islam has also spread over the years and has mostly spread by trade and the people conquered by them. Hinduism and Islam are two major religions in modern world with a great amount of people following in the various parts of the world. Work Cited Huxley, Aldous. Quotes About Hinduism. (30 Quotes). Goodreads Inc., n.d. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. . Gandhi, Mahatma. Hinduism Quotes. Refspace.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Oct. 2012. . MuhÃÅ'Â £ammad, ZÃÅ'Â £afr-AllaÃÅ'„h H. The Quran. London: Curzon, 1978. Print VaÃÅ'„lmiÃÅ'„ki, , and Ramesh Menon. The Ramayana. New York: North Point Press, 2003. Print. PrataÃÅ'„pachandra, RaÃÅ'„ya, and Mohan G. Kisari. The Mahabharata. Calcutta: Bharata Press, 1884. Print. Gupta, Prashant, M D. Gupta, and N K. Vikram. Bhagwad Gita. New Delhi: Dreamland Books, 1996. Print.

Positive Change In World Through Manipulation of Behavior in B.F Skinne

Positive Change In World Through Manipulation of Behavior in B.F Skinner's Waldo Two   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  B.F. Skinner, in his novel Walden Two, presents many arguments about how he foresees a positive change in the world through manipulation of behavior on the personal level. Sigmund Freud, in his works, specifically Civilization and Its Discontents, presents his view of human nature and what is innately problematic about it. Both Freud and Skinner agree that human behavior is the result of outside factors that severely hinder the concept of free will. Skinner believes that humans, in the correct environment, can live happily, while Freud understands that humans are destined to live in "some degree of anguish or discontent."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skinner uses the ideal setting of Walden Two to illustrate his ideas of how human behavior should be "formed." Much of Skinner's argument on how to eliminate what he knows as problematic rests on his prescription of dismissing the notion of individual freedom. Skinner does not only say that the concept of individual freedom is a farce. He takes it a step further and states that the search for it is where society has gone wrong. He wants no part in the quest for individual freedom. If we give up this illusion, says Skinner, we can condition everyone to act in acceptable ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Skinner has a specific prescription for creating this utopian society. He declares that all that is necessary is to change the conditions which surround man. "G...

Napoleon was a child of the Enlightenment Essay

Assess the validity of this statement by using specific policies and attitudes of Napoleon. During the time period of the French Revolution, many governments came and went as a result of the unorganized and often times, radical political regimes that were recklessly installed by desperate people longing for equality and liberty. The French were inspired by the new liberal notions and ideas of political and economic rights for all proposed by Enlightenment thinkers. As different forms of governments and their leaders among them passed, one man named Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power by manipulating the Directory and the French people to enable him to assume authoritative powers over his subjects and, as a side effect, majority of continental Europe. Bonaparte used his autocratic powers to maintain the rights achieved during the revolution and inject new Enlightenment he had been educated from the small island of Corsica as long as they did not interfere with his thirst for power. Napol eon Bonaparte rose to power via the arrogance of a political leader who failed to comprehend the influence of Bonaparte and his army. Napoleon Bonaparte issued a constitution, the Constitution of Year VIII, to clarify his new political intentions he would impose. With this constitution, he created an illusion to the French people that people from all fractions of the political spectrum would be content with. His constitution appealed to the common man and democratic supporters with â€Å"universal male suffrage.† An elaborate system of checks and balances between each sector of his government appealed to republican supporters. Also, the Council of State would satisfy any monarchists that remained in France. However, as an intellectually-inclined individual from his education in philosophy and military strategy, Bonaparte provided the French with a sound and stable state and what appeared to be a constitutional government in which he knew that the public would eat up his legal proposition. Bonaparte also simplified and cleaned up the French government and its legal system with reforms such as the Civil Code o f 1804, or more commonly known as the Napoleonic Code. Napoleon Bonaparte created reforms that were based off of the education he received as a boy from the Age of Enlightenment that would thus act as a tool for nation-building and continental domination. Napoleon Bonaparte demonstrated from his enlightened point of view that religion could be separate from government–but does not have to be totally eradicated from society itself to achieve such an intention–with the concordat with Pope Pius VII. He also treated all faiths equally by emphasizing that the state was supreme over whatever religion or denomination it may be like how he enacted laws on both Protestant and Jewish communities in the Roman Catholic dominated France. Bonaparte maintained the abolishment of the practice of primogeniture. Napoleon also went on a rampage all of Europe to expand his empire. As he marched throughout Europe, he liberated peasants by eliminating the economic and social practice of serfdom. Napoleon Bonaparte developed in an environment that was saturated with philosophical ideas pertaining to social and religious ideas that Enlightenment thinkers studied and discovered new ways of the ways people could interact such as religious toleration and social equality. Napoleon Bonaparte grew up in a home that was greatly influenced by Enlightenment ideas and principles. This statement can be reached with Bonaparte’s actions that were obviously liberal and new to the decades prior to the French Revolution. He did assume total control over France and the continent of Europe, but he did permit some liberty and freedom to his loyal subjects. Bonaparte used Enlightenment ideals to gain power and used them to maintain power by convincing he was still providing what the liberal bourgeois and nobility had been fighting for and along with some new ideas that did not go against his drive for authoritative powers. In all Napoleon Bonaparte utilized his Enlightenment education to manipulate the French and free many serfs and to control France and later Europe.

Johnny Tremain essays

Johnny Tremain essays In the face of adversity, our character can change extremely. Ester Forbes writes about this example in her book, Johnny Tremain, which takes place in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1773, during the revolutionary war. As we read the book, we see Johnny facing many obstacles and problems causing him to start a different and new life. However, Johnny encounters bad luck, but he learns to understand his problems better and accepts them. Johnny Tremain starts out as a arrogant boy who one day wants to be a silversmith. Unfortunately one day, he was in a silversmiths shop and injures his hand from burning hot silver, which causes him to deeply damage his hand. He no longer could be a silversmith. Of course, Johnny was deeply ashamed of his hand and always hid it from the world. Gradually, he then has the courage to show his hand. Johnny felt no more shame over his burned hand -pg. 254- Later, Johnny comes across the printing press of the Boston Observer while looking for another job. While there, Johnny gets the chance to meet Rab and immediately makes friend with him. Johnny than notice that he enjoyed telling Rab stories about his hand, but with nonce of the belligerent arrogance which he had been answering the questions kind people had put to him. - page 146- This is the first time since the accident he felt able to stand aside from his problems to see himself. - pg. 255- Rab turns his life around and shows him another world that he could and must face. Without Rab, Johnny might not have believed in himself and achieved much. A big influence on Johnnys life were his friends. As previously mentioned, Rab contributed much to Johnnys life. Rab has shown Johnny that he could achieve anything he waned too. Rab taught Johnny how to ride Goblin, gets ...